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Interviewed on January 15th 2006 (1pm to 2pm EST)

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Advocate Supreme Court Nepal – Dinesh Tripathi

जनप्रतिनिधित्वबिना कर लगाउन नहुने -नो टेक्सेसन विद्आउट रिप्रेजेन्टेसन) प्रजातन्त्रको आधारभूत मान्यता हो   । वर्षौंदेखि नेपालमा जनप्रतिनिधित्वविहीन व्यवस्था क्रियाशील छ , जसले बेरोकटोक जनतासँग कर असुलिरहेको छ   । जनप्रतिनिधित्वविहीन राज्यले जनतासँग कर असुली गर्नु प्रजातन्त्रका मूलभूत अवधारणाविपरीत कार्य हो   । प्रजातन्त्र भन्नु स्वशासन हो र जनताको सहमतिबिना जनताको हित एवम् स्वार्थलाई प्रभावित गर्ने निर्णय गर्ने अधिकार कसैलाई पनि छैन   । जनताको स्वतन्त्र सहमति मात्र शासकको वैधताको आधार हुनसक्छ   ।

जनप्रतिनिधिद्वारा निर्मित कानुनद्वारा मात्र जनताको सम्पत्तिबाट कर असुली हुनसक्छ भन्ने सार्वभौमिक एवम् विश्वव्यापी मान्यता हो   । जनप्रतिनिधित्वविहीन सरकार जनताप्रति कहिल्यै उत्तरदायी एवम् जवाफदेही हुनसक्दैन   । यस्तो सरकारलाई जनताको जीवन , स्वतन्त्रता एवम् सम्पत्तिबारे निर्णय लिने अधिकार छैन   । नागरिकको सम्पत्तिसम्बन्धी हकलाई संविधानले मौलिक हकका रूपमा प्रत्याभूत गरेको छ   । यस हकबाट नागरिकलाई वञ्चित गर्न मिल्दैन   । जनताको सम्पत्तिबाट स्वयम् जनताका निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिहरूले कानुन निर्माण गरेर मात्र कर असुल्न सक्छन्   ।

नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान , २०४७ राजनीतिक संविधानवादको सिद्धान्तका साथै आर्थिक संविधानवादमा पनि आधारित छ   । राजनीतिक संविधानवादले राज्यको प्रजातान्त्रिक संरचनालाई व्यवस्थित गरेको हुन्छ भने आर्थिक संविधानवादले राज्यको ढुकुटीलाई जनताको नियन्त्रण एवम् निगरानीमा राखेको हुन्छ   । राजनीतिक संविधानवादलाई सुनिश्चित गर्न नागरिकका प्रजातान्त्रिक अधिकार , स्वतन्त्रता एवम् प्रजातान्त्रिक संयन्त्र र संस्थाहरू निर्मित गर्न आवश्यक छ   । आर्थिक संविधानवादलाई सुनिश्चित गर्न राष्ट्रिय ढुकुटी तथा सम्पत्तिमाथि जनताको रेखदेख एवम् नियन्त्रण स्थापित हुनुपर्दछ   ।

आर्थिक संविधानवादलाई सुनिश्चित गर्न संविधानको भाग १० द्वारा आर्थिक कार्य प्रणालीसम्बन्धी विस्तृत व्यवस्था गरिएको छ   । यस भागमा सार्वजनिक सम्पत्तिको दुरुपयोगलाई रोक्न तमाम संवैधानिक बन्दोबस्तहरू गरिएको छ   । त्यसैगरी संविधानमा महालेखा परीक्षकको पनि व्यवस्था छ   । राजनीतिक संविधानवाद एवम् आर्थिक संविधानवाद एकअर्काका पूरक हुन्   । आर्थिक संविधानवादको अभावमा राजनीतिक संविधानवादले पूर्णता प्राप्त गर्न सक्दैन   ।

जनप्रतिनिधित्वको अभावमा राज्यले जथाभावी एवम् स्वेच्छाचारी ढङ्गले कर असुलेर त्यसबाट उठेको पैसालाई जनताविरुद्ध नै प्रयोग गरिने प्रक्रिया एवम् प्रणाली निश्चय पनि न्यायसङ्गत हुनसक्दैन   । जनताको प्रतिनिधित्वबिना कर उठाउन पाइँदैन भन्ने आधारमा विश्वका ठूल्ठूला प्रजातान्त्रिक लडाइँहरू लडिएका छन्   । उत्तरदायित्वपूर्ण शासनको अभावमा सार्वजनिक धनको सदुपयोग हुनसक्दैन भन्ने तथ्य स्वतः सिद्ध छ   । जनताबाट विवेकपूर्ण एवम् न्यायसङ्गत ढङ्गले कर असुल्न एवम् त्यसको औचित्यपूर्ण व्ययका लागि जनप्रतिनिधित्वमा आधारित शासन आवश्यक हुन्छ   । शासनको प्रक्रियामा जनताको प्रत्यक्ष सहभागिताबिना शासनलाई जवाफदेही एवम् उत्तरदायी तुल्याउन सकिँदैन   । तसर्थ जनताको सहमतिबिना शासनको वैधता स्थापित हुँदैन   । र , अवैध सरकारलाई जनताको ' पर्स ' माथि कुनै पहुँच हुनुहुँदैन   ।

संविधानको धारा ७३ मा जनप्रतिनिधिहरूद्वारा निर्मित कानुनको अख्तियारीबिना सरकारले कुनै कर असुल्न नपाउने स्पष्ट व्यवस्था छ   । त्यसैगरी धारा ७४ ले सार्वजनिक सम्पत्तिलाई जनप्रतिनिधिहरूको रेखदेख एवम् नियन्त्रणमा राख्न सञ्चित कोषको व्यवस्था छ   । सञ्चित कोषको रकम जनप्रतिनिधिहरूले निर्मित गरेको कानुनको अख्तियारीबिना खर्च गर्न नपाइने प्रावधान पनि संविधानमा छ   । तर , हाल अनिर्वाचित सरकारले अध्यादेश जारी गरेर संविधानका यी प्रावधानहरूको खुला उल्लङ्घन गर्दैछ   । संविधानका स्पष्ट प्रावधानलाई अध्यादेशद्वारा निरस्त तुल्याउने अनौठो प्रणाली सुरु गरिएको छ   । संविधानवाद एवम् संवैधानिक सर्वोच्चताको सिद्धान्तको यो सर्वथा उपहास हो   । प्रतिनिधित्वबिना विवेकहीन ढङ्गले जनतासँग कर असुल नगरियोस् भनेरै जनप्रतिनिधिद्वारा निर्मित कानुनअन्तर्गत मात्र कर लगाउन पाइने व्यवस्था गरिएको हो   । कर लगाउने कुरामा जनप्रतिनिधित्वको सिद्धान्तलाई जोड दिँदै संविधानको धारा ६८ ले अर्थ विधेयक प्रतिनिधिसभामा मात्र प्रस्तुत हुनसक्ने बाध्यात्मक व्यवस्था गरेको छ   ।

जनतासँग कर उठाउने एवम् सार्वजनिक ढुकुटीको प्रश्न राज्यव्यवस्थाको केन्द्रीय प्रश्न हो   । राज्यले बिनाअंकुश जथाभावी कर लगाउने र त्यसबाट उठेको रकमलाई बिनाजवाफदेही खर्च गर्ने हो भने जनताको आर्थिक , सामाजिक प्रगति सम्भव छैन   । जब कि हाम्रो संविधानले ' नेपाली जनतालाई चिरकालपर्यन्त राजनीतिक , सामाजिक एवम् आर्थिक न्याय प्रदान गर्ने ' आधारभूत लक्ष्य बोकेको छ   ।

आज गरिब नेपालीको कठिन परिश्रमद्वारा आर्जित सम्पत्तिमाथि अवैधानिक ढङ्गले कर असुल्ने कार्य मात्र भइरहेको छैन , सो रकम अनिर्वाचित सरकारले अपारदर्शी एवम् अनुत्तरदायी ढङ्गबाट खर्च गरिरहेको छ   । जनताको करको पैसालाई जनतालाई नै दमन गर्ने एवम् जनविरोधी कार्यमा खर्च भइरहेको छ   । जनप्रतिनिधिहरूको अख्तियारीबिना यस्ता कार्यहरू भइरहेका छन्   । संविधानको धारा ७७ अनुसार संसद्को संयुक्त बैठकमा वाषिर्क बजेट पेस गर्नुपर्नेमा त्यसविपरीत अध्यादेशद्वारा बजेट प्रस्तुत गर्ने क्रम जारी छ   । संसद्को अख्तियारीबिना राष्ट्रको ढुकुटीबाट रकम खर्च गर्ने कसैलाई अधिकार हुनसक्दैन   ।

जनताको सम्पत्तिलाई आज जनताको अख्तियारीबिना जथाभावी एवम् नाजायज ढङ्गले खर्च गरिँदैछ   । दुरुपयोगको मात्रामा अत्यधिक वृद्धि भएको छ   । स्वास्थ्य , शिक्ष्ाा एवम् जनकल्याणजस्ता विषयमा रकमको भारी कटौती गरी सैनिकीकरण गर्न खर्चको मात्रा अत्यधिक बढाइएको छ   । जनताको करको पैसाको दुरुपयोग गरी तमाम आयोग एवम् पदहरू सिर्जना गरी प्रजातान्त्रिक संस्था एवम् प्रक्रियालाई निरीह एवम् कमजोर तुल्याइएको छ   । सरकारको खर्चको प्रक्रियालाई नियन्त्रण एवम् निगरानी गर्ने कुनै संस्था वा प्रक्रिया छैन   । महालेखा परीक्षकजस्ता संवैधानिक अङ्गको भूमिका निस्तेज एवम् अप्रभावकारी भएको छ   । आर्थिक संविधानवादको पूर्ण धज्जी उडाइएको छ   ।

यस्तो परिस्थितिमा नेपाली जनतासमक्ष्ा एउटै विकल्प छ , अवैधानिक एवम् अनिर्वाचित सरकारलाई कुनै कर नतिर्ने ! किनभने ' प्रतिनिधित्वबिना कर लगाउन पाइँदैन ' भन्ने सर्वमान्य विश्वव्यापी सिद्धान्त हो   । आज राज्यव्यवस्थामा जनताको कुनै सहभागिता एवम् प्रतिनिधित्व छैन , तसर्थ यस्तो राज्यलाई जनता कर तिर्न बाध्य छैनन्   ।
 

Advocate Dinesh Tripathi was invited to speak as an international guest at the convention of National Lawyers Guild held in Portland, USA. On the occasion he asserted that massive and systematic human rights violation is taking place in Nepal, that there is total disrespect for rule of law and constitutional provisions, and that the King has acted against the constitution, imposing his personal and direct rule in the country.

Tripathi further explained that the independence and authority of the judicial branch of the state is seriously undermined and a large number of court orders have been totally disrespected by the Royal regime. He explained that the court system is functioning under the shadow of growing militarization. Ruthless and undemocratic measures are being used to suppress the democratic will and aspirations of the people.

Moreover, Tripathi explained, there is a pattern of ongoing attack against the courageous Nepali press. The “black ordinance” was recently introduced to intensify the attack against the media and recently a midnight raid on the Kantipur FM radio station illustrated the regime’s attitude toward the press.

Advocate Tripathi argues that at this most critical and difficult moment, Nepal needs full attention and and active support from the international community. Violation of human rights is a legitimate concern of the global community. But unfortunately Nepal is not getting as much international attention as its alarming situation demands. The international civil society and global human rights community must actively support the human rights movement and democratic struggle of Nepal, because violation of human rights and norms of democracy in one country poses a threat to human rights everywhere in the world.

Founded in 1937, the National Lawyers Guild is a association of American lawyers committed for rule of law and civil rights. The convention was held from October 27 to 31. Around 600 hundred participants including lawyers, law professors and legal academics from across America participated in the convention. Guests from Japan, Philippines and Belgium also spoke on the occasion.

The Guild agreed to organize an international fact finding mission and delegation to Nepal.

Dinesh Tripathi: In Person

I got to meet Dinesh Tripathy. He is in town for about a week. He will also show up for the 11 AM Union Square get-together on Sunday. We met up at Yak in Jackson Heights. He lives in Baltimore.

He is an accomplished person. That is so obvious. He is articulate, passionate. He has a presence about him. He sure knows his stuff. He has been taking the lead on one of the projects, the one about legal action. Most of our discussion focused on that. But we also talked about the movement in general.

We have been in regular touch these past few weeks, and I have been impressed. But he really got my attention when he mentioned he had been vice president of the Nepal Students Union at one point in time. He has the academic, intellectual bend of mind, he of course has the legal bonafides, and he also has the political instincts. That is quite a combination. Otherwise the diaspora has quite a few people who have the academic qualifications, but not the political instincts to speed things up, or rise above the petty, or make the diaspora movement more broadly mass based.

He also knows Hridayesh Tripathy who is one of my favorite people. We talked some about him. He told me a story of Daman Nath Dhungana calling Tripathy a "born parliamentarian" in the early 1990s. To that I added the story of Prime Minister Nehru calling Atal Bihari Vajpayee a "future Prime Minister," and that was back in the days when Vajpayee was with some insignificant little party.

Dinesh Tripathi exudes power. His legal expertise gives him an element of fearlessness. He wants his name to be used as widely as possible. I like that. There are others in the diaspora who want their names withheld, which would be a legitimate choice, but then they also proceed to block the work itself, whatever might be at hand.

We had a long conversation. We touched upon all aspects of the movement basically.

His is already the most specific, elaborate piece of writing at the Project Nepal Democracy page. We decided to elaborate on all that much more. That we do by starting a blog for that project: Project Nepal Democracy. We will invite others to join. We will work to paint pictures of all possible forms of legal action that could be taken against the regime should it opt for some kind of a crackdown. Google makes it all so easy to do. Basically it would be a blog presentation. And the work would be ongoing.

But then Dineshji emphasized the importance of pamphleteering in Nepal, and getting articles published in Nepali in Kantipur. I thought there was a message for me right there. My blog is all good, but I should really seek to get into Kantipur. Tripathi offered his contacts for the effort. I intend to use them.

"That way you reach the teashops across the country," he said.

We also discussed the ANTA. Tripthi is the president of the Balitmore-DC chapter of the organization. Both of us feel the need to work on Madhesi solidarity. This is about pride and empowerment, not any sort of exclusion. This is about political equality and communal harmony. Both need to and can go together.

Tripathi was in Nepal when 2/1 happened. He filed over 400 cases on behalf of the democrat politicians.
Click here to view his recently published article on Guild Notes

Click here to listen his interview with Radio Dovaan

 

 
 
 
 

 

 

 
   
   
 
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